O Level Revision : Shona - Zvirungamutauro
Kuti ugone kunyora, kushandisa nekunzwisisa mutauro wechishona pabvunzo dze o level shona unotarisirwa kunge uchikwanisa kudoma mhando dzose dzezvirungamutauro; kutsanangura zvinorehwa nezvirungamutaura; kupa musiyano uri pakati pezviru ngamutauro; kunyurura zvirungamutauro pazvinenge zvakashandiswa nekushandisa zvirungamutauro muzvirevo nemurondedzero.
Muchinyorwa chino tichatsanangura zvezvirungamutauro zvinoti tsumo, madimikira, nyaudzosingwi, fananidzo neenzaniso.
Tsumo
Tsumo dzine zvipandi zviviri. Chipandi chokutanga hachirevi chinhu kana chiri chega, sokuti, chara chimwe. Ungatobvunza kuti chadini? Zvichireva izvo kuti chipandi ichi hachina kuzara, chinotoda chimwe chipandi chinochitsigira chichizadzikisa pfungwa. Chipandi chepiri chinotsigira chokutanga seizvi:
- Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda.
- Totenda maruva tadya chakata.
- Kwadzinorohwa matumbu ndiko kwadzinomhanyira.
Zvinoreva tsumo
Unogona kuwana zvinoreva tsumo kubva mune zvinoreva manzwi arimo, sokuti:
- Kure kwegava ndokusina mutsubvu.
Apa gava imhuka inozivikanwa nokudisa tsubvu. Chero dziri kure zvakadini rinoshingirira kuenda. Iwe wochitsvaka zvino kuti muupenyu tsumo iyi ingarevei. Pfungwa iripo ndeyekuti munhu anoshingirira kuenda kune chaanoda chero kuri kure zvakadini.
Miyenzaniso yetsumo
Tsanangura zvinoreva tsumo dzinotevera:
(i) Totenda dzamwa dzaswera nebenzi. (ii) Ura mapako hunozvara mbavha nevaroyi.
Kuzadzisa tsumo
Muzamanishoni unogona kunzi uzadzise tsumo dzakadimburirwa, kungava kwekutanga kana kokupedzisira, somuenzaniso:
- Kudzisa Kokutanga
muti unomera paunoda. (mwoyo muti)
maoko. (hama)
- Kuzadzisa Kokupedzisira
Mbeva zhinji (hadzina marise) Makabata makumbo (musoro une vene) Jongwe haririri (mudunhu risiri raro)
Muenzaniso wetsumo dzinoda kuzadziswa
Zadzisa tsumo dzinotevera.
(i) muranda kumwe. (ii) Chinoziva ivhu .
(iii) mimba haibvi negosoro. (iv) Mukuru mukuru .
(v) haapedzi dura. (vi) Mushonga unovava .
Tsumo dzinoreva zvakafanana
Idzi itsumo dzinoreva zvakafanana. Kuti ukwanise kuwana tsumo idzi zvinotoda kuti utange waziva dudziro yetsumo yawapiwa wozotsvaka imwe inorevawo zvimwe chetezvo. Somuenzaniso, tsumo yekuti, Totenda maruva tadya chakata, inoreva iyo kuti unozogutsikana nechinhu chabudirira. Haungati wawana muchero wokudya iwo uchiri pamaruva. Pamwe mhepo inozunza ose ukashaya chokubata. Imwe tsumo inofanana neiyi ndeinoti, Totenda dzamwa dzaswera nebenzi, kana kuti Totenda yavira shambakodzi yedemhe. Apa unoona kuti chivimbo nezviripo chishoma mutsumo dzose dziri nhatu.
Muenzaniso wetsumo dzinoreva zvakafanana
Ipa tsumo dzinoreva zvakafanana neidzi:
(i) Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda. (ii) Mazvokuda mavanga enyora.
(iii) Chiri mumwoyo chiri muninga. (iv) Tsapata rukukwe hazvienzani nokurara pasi. (v) Gavi rakabva kumasvuuriro. (vi) Mwoyo womunhu ndishe wake.
Tsumo dzinoreva zvinopikisana
Idzi itsumo dzinoreva zvakasiyana. Unosungirwa kuti utange watsvaka zvinoreva yokutanga yawapiwa kuti ugozvishandisa kuchitsvakisa zvino iyo ine zvinopikisa. Tarisa mienzaniso iri pazasi.
Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda.
Apa pfungwa inobuda ndeyekuti chigunwe kana chiri chega haukwanisi kuuraya inda nacho. Panotoda zviviri kuti utsvanye inda pakati pazvo. Zvichireva izvo kuti basa rinoda vaviri kana kupfuura.
Mbeva zhinji hadzina marise/mashe/marishe
Panobuda pfungwa yokuti kana vanhu vakawandisa basa harifambi. Vanhu vanogona kuvhiringidzana pakushanda.
Unogona kuita izvi uchishandisa tsumo dzakasiyana-siyana. Chakakosha kuziva dudziro yetsumo iripo, wozotsvaka imwe tsumo inoreva zvinopikisana nezvaunazvo.
Muenzaniso wetsumo dzinoreva zvinopikisana
Ipa tsumo dzinopikisana neidzi:
(i) Chinono chinengwe bere rakadya richifamba. (ii) Chiri mumwoyo chiri muninga.
(iii) Chitanduro ndechina amai mugoti unopiwa anyerere. (iv) Mbeva zhinji hadzina mashe.
(v) Aiva madziva ava mazambuko.
Kupa tsumo inoenderana nekanyaya kakapiwa
Pakunyora bvunzo unogona kunzi unyore tsumo dzinoenderana nezvinyaya zvakapiwa, somuenzaniso:
Tendai zvaainge azvipira kuvanza nhumbu yaaive nayo, akatanga kurutsa kana angoisa chokudya mumuromo. Kurutsa uku pamwe chete nekukura kwaive kwoita dumbu zvakapa kuti amai vake vanyumwe vakaenda naye kuchipatara kunoongororwa. Tendai akaonekwa kuti aive nepamuviri pane mwedzi minomwe.
Tsumo: Rina manyanga hariputirwi mumushunje.
Muenzaniso wetsumo dzinoenderana nenyaya yakapiwa
Ipa tsumo dzinoenderana netunyaya tunotevera:
(i) Tinago zvaakaona kuti anonoka, akavhetemesa mota ndokubva yaputika vhiri. Nekuda kwekumanya-manya, haana kunge atakura resipeya. Kwaaienda akatozosvika vanhu vatanga kupararira.
(ii) Nyangwe vabereki vake vaimurambidza nezvaNhamo vachiti haana chauviri, Rudo akaramba akasimba nerekuti ndiye achamuroora.
(iii) Zvaaifamba achidzokera kumba, Dzawira akasangana naJena uyo aifemereka zvikuru. Akaedza kuti anzwisise kuti chii chainge chaitika asi hapana chaakaudzwa. Vakati vati fambei vakaona dutu ramapurisa akapakatira zvombo achiuya kwavari. Jena akasvetuka waya, Dzawira akavhunduka akakwakuka asingazivi chaiitika. Bara rakapinda nepagotsi raDzawira ndiye sarai.
(iv) Zvaakanga apa mwana wavaridzi pamuviri, Danai akatoona kuti akanga akafanira kushanda nesimba kuriritira mhuri yaakanga ava nayo.
(v) Dahwa aigara achirova vanhu munzvimbo yeMutenderende. Rimwe zuva akadenha kamwe kamurume kapfupi kaive kagere pachigaro mubhawa raYikichi. Akakadira mbama achiti karambirei kagere iye achipinda. Pakakarwadziwa nembama, Mavharo kakasvetuka kakatunga Dahwa nomusoro pahuma ndiye pasi nyondo. VaDahwa vedu vakazopepuka vadirwa mvura. Kubva musi uyu Dahwa haana kuzonetsa vanhu.
Madimikira
Ichi chirevo chakadzama chine dudziro yakahwanda isingaenderani nedudziro yenzwi rimwe nerimwe rinochiumba. Pamaumbirwo emadimikira, mazhinji acho anotanga na /ku-/ wemupanda 15, sokuti:
- kurova imbwa wakaviga mupinyi
- kuisa muromo mumhino
- kuigochera pautsi
- kutsenga mvura
Pakuongorora madimikira ayo uchaona kuti zvinoreva manzwi akaumbwa handizvo chaizvo zvinobva zvapa dudziro yedimikira racho. Somuenzaniso, kutsenga mvura:
Tinotsenga nemazino chinhu chisingayereri semvura, nokudaro, mvura haitsengeki, saka zvinoreva dimikira handizvo zvinoreva manzwi akariumba. Dimikira iri rinoreva kudada.
Kuumba madimikira kubva panhengo dzemuviri
Unogona kunzi uumbe madimikira kubva panhengo dzemuviri sezviri pazasi izvi:
- nzeve — kuteya nzeve • ruoko — kuita ruoko/kuva neruoko
- mbabvu — kuoma mbabvu • dundundu — kugara dundundu/ kuzvirova dundundu
- matama — kurovera matama pasi • gotsi — kuomesa gotsi
- gumbo — kutyorwa gumbo • mhino — kuisa muromo mumhino
- tsoka — kukanda tsoka • tsoka — kubereka tsoka
- chipfuva — kuve nechipfuva • meso — kuita meso meso
- zamu — kurara nezamu mumukanwa • mhanza — kuita mhanza
- muromo — kuita muromo usingamharwi nenhunzi • chiuno — kuve nemuchiuno
- mwoyo — kuoma mwoyo • ganda — kushaya ganda kumeso
- mwoyo — kuita mwoyo miviri • gumbo — kumira negumbo rimwe
- hapwa — kufukura hapwa
Kuumba madimikira kubva pazviito
Unogonavo kunzi uumbe madimikira kubva pazviito, seizvi:
• kurima |
— kurima munhu |
• kusosa |
— kusosa musha / nzira |
• kurapa |
— kurapa pahuro |
• kubatiswa |
— kubatiswa dombo |
• kudya |
— kudyira kufa |
• kuzvidya |
— kuzvidya mwoyo |
• kudya |
— kudya magaka mambishi |
• kuedza |
— kuedza ropa/mhanza |
• kugara |
— kugara maoko |
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Muenzaniso wezvinoreva madimikira akapiwa
Tsanangura zvinoreva madimikira aya
(i) kuwanda kwesadza (ii) kubva zera
(iii) kutandavara sorunyemba (iv) kupara pasi
(v) kusuka mukanwa (vi) kugara panyanga
(vii) kugara panyanga dzamushore (viii) kudya zvevapfupi nokureba
Kupa dimikira rinoenderana nekanyaya kakapiwa
Zvakakosha kukwanisa kupa dimikira rinoenderana nekanyaya kakapiwa.
Dimikira rinoenderana nezvirevo
(i) Zvakwaive kwasviba John akambozeza kuenda kumba ari ega. Paakaona kuti hapana aizoenda naye, akazvishingisa akapinda munzira akananga kumba hana ichingorova.
(ii) Nyaya yakataurwa hayo asi hapana kana mumwe chete akambobuda pachena, vose vaingonyenyeredza chokwadi.
(iii) Paakaona vanhu vaishaiwa chokudya, akavanzwira tsitsi akavabatsira. (iv) Joromita anongogara achibira vanhu nguva zhinji.
(v) Zvava kutomunetsa kuti arege katsika ikaka.
Cherechedzo: Unogonawo kunzi upe dimikira rinoenderana netsananguro dzakapiwa.
Zvinosiyanisa madimikira netsumo
Somudzidzi rangarira kuti madimikira:
- mazhinji mapfupi patsumo.
- haana zvipande zviviri setsumo.
- anotanga na/ku-/
- haazi zvirevo zvakazara setsumo.
- anopesedzera kuri kuedza kurerutsa zviri kutaurwa kuti zvisavhundusa kana kutsamwisa vamwe.
Nyaudzosingwi
Nyaudzosingwi dzinoratidza maitikiro echinhu kana mamiriro echinhu sezvinongoita chiito, nokudaro nyaudzosingwi nezviito zvinodyidzana. Nyaudzosingwi inzwi rinoumba mufananidzo mupfungwa, somuenzaniso;
Amai vakati mukova bhewu kuvhura
Uku kuvhura zvine simba uchibva wavhurwa wese.
Nyaudzosingwi dzinobata zvakawandawanda sezvinotevera: (a) Ruvara
Pane nyaudzosingwi dzinotsanangura ruvara rwezvinhu, sokuti mbembe, mburetete, piriviri, mbu, ndo-o, zvi-i. Apa panobuda majekero eruvara akasiyana.
- Mazino achena kuti mbembe. • Nhengeni dzakati piriviri muti wese.
- Kwasviba kuti ndo-o
(b) Mamiriro echinhu: somuenzaniso; tuzu, bvururu, undundu
- Mbavha yakati zvinhu bvururu imba yese. • Aive angoti tuzu pamberi pedu. (c) Mafambiro: somuenzaniso; tsveya tsveya, tande, tasa,
- Akasimuka ndiye tsveya tsveya nemateya oenda kwake. • Ndakativo tande nenzira yokwedu. (d) Ruzha/mutinhiro: somuenzaniso; tsviriri, ngende ngende, gwegwendere
- Dare rinoti ngende-ngende kurira. • Ndiro yakati pasi gwengwendere
- Takanzwa mota kuti tsviriri panze.
(e) Matsetsekero: somuenzaniso; mbarambazhu, tsvete, n’an’azhu,
- Ndinoda ngwerewere ine upfu hwakati tsvete kwete magaiwa ane man’an’azhu.
Rangarira kuti pachiito chega chega panogona kubuda nyaudzosingwi dzinotsanangura zvakasiyana seizvi. (i) Chiito chokugara
tende - kugara munhu akadekara n’o - kugara zvokusada kubva go - kugara pasina chiri kuitwa pweshe - kugara zveusimbe
ware-ware - kugara pasi kwevanhu vakawanda
(ii) Chiito chekumira
tuzu - kumira kwemunhu apusa/apererwa tumbi - kumira kwemunhu arasika
twi - kumira wakati rasa/wakarurama mbititi - kumira wabva mukusvetuka
(iii) Chiito chekutarisa
nde-e - zvokusabvisa meso pachinhu dzvoko - wakabudisa meso
cheu - kutarisa uchitendeusa musoro uchitarisa shure kana rutivi
(iv) chiito cheruvara
(a) Kutsvuka
piriviri - kutsvuka seropa kana meso tsvuke - kutsvuka zvishoma
kovo - kutsvuka semeso anorwadza
(b) Kusviba
ndo-o - kusviba zvakanyanya
zvi-i - kusviba zviri pakati nepakati tsva-a - kusviba kwezuva rovira
Unosungirwa kuziva zviito zvakasiyana kuti ukwanise kupa nyaudzosingwi inoenderana nechiito.
Mhando dzenyaudzosingwi
Kune mhando nhatu dzenyaudzosingwi dzinoti: (a) Nyaudzosingwisiri Idzi ndidzo nyaudzosingwi dzakagara dziriko, sokuti:
go |
- kugara |
mba |
- kubata zvine simba |
n’a |
- kuruma |
vhu |
- kusvika |
pwa |
- kuvhuna |
ba |
- kutarisa |
zhi |
- kudonha kwemuti |
tapa |
- kudonha kwendove |
do |
- kudonha kwedamba |
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(b) Nyaudzosingwi dzakabva kune zvimwe zvipande zveChishona
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(i) Dzinobva kuzviito (ii) Nyaudzosingwi dzinobva kuzvipauro
Chiito |
Nyaudzosingwi |
kutora |
tore |
kudzima |
dzime |
kufamba |
fambe |
kuruma |
rume |
(c) Nyaudzosingwi dzakadzokororwa. Idzi dzinosimbisa pfungwa yagara iripo sokuti;
- mba mba mba • nga nga
Shandisa nyaudzosingwi dzinotevera muzvirevo zvakanaka uchibudisa zvinoreva nyaudzosingwi yacho.
(a) piriviri |
(b) tsvai |
(c) kwaku |
(d) cheu |
(e) tande |
(f) tunduma |
(g) kanha |
(h) nga |
(i) kukurigo-o |
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- Ipa nyaudzosingwi dzinoenderana nezviito izvi.
Muenzaniso: Kudonha kwedamba
Mhinduro: do-o/ bu-u
(a) kupedza zvanga zviri mundiro (b) kurumwa nenyuchi
(c) kubata zvakasimba (d) kuchena kwemusoro
(e) kugara pasina chaitwa (f) kufamba uchidzedzereka
(g) kumedza zvinonzwikwa
(h) kubuda kwezvinhu kubva munzvimbo imwe chete zvakawanda. (i) kuvhura mukova zvine simba.
Fananidzo
Kazhinji tinopa minongedzo yefananidzo nemanzwi maviri anoti sa-/se-/so-, kunge nafanika.
- John anofamba sechidhakwa.
Apa pfungwa ndeyekuti chidhakwa chine mafambiro acho anozivikanwa saka kana John afamba achidero aita sechidhakwa.
- Anotaura sababa vake.
- Anochema seafirwa
Unogona kuumba fananidzo uchishandisa kunge, sokuti;
- Hanganwa kunge gunguwo
Enzaniso
Uku kuratidza kuti chinhu chakadini, sokuti; Anesu inyenganyenga pakunzvenga.
Dzimwe enzaniso
- Uri dhadha, haungafambi neni. • Mutengesi wemunhu, wavaudzirei?
- Uyu chigayo chemabhanana. • John itsuro yomubhuku.
- Susan murume pachake. • Tose tiri vakadzi pano pamusha.
- Iri igandanga chairo.
Edza kupa fananidzo kuzviito zvinotevera
(i) kutsvuka se (iv) kuchena se (vii) kudya se
(x) kuchema se
(ii) kutapira se (v) kusviba se (viii) kunhuwa se
(iii) kuvava se (vi) kufamba se (ix) kuonda se
Edza kupa enzaniso kutsananguro dzinotevera;
(i) munhu anoshanda nesimba (ii) munhu ane utsinye
(iii) munhu anotya zvakanyanya (iv) munhu akangwara
(v) munhu anotyisa (vi) munhu asina divi raakarerekera
(vii) munhu anonyima